| Beads
are older than first though A
team of archaeologists has uncovered some of the world’s earliest
shell ornaments in a limestone cave in Eastern Morocco. The
researchers have found 47 examples of Nassarius marine shells, most
of them perforated and including examples covered in red ochre, at
the Grotte des Pigeons at Taforalt.
The fingernail-size shells, already known from 82,000-year-old
Aterian deposits in the cave, have now been found in even earlier
layers. While the team is still awaiting exact dates for these
layers, they believe this discovery makes them arguably the earliest
shell ornaments in prehistory.
The shells are currently at the centre of a debate concerning the
origins of modern behaviour in early humans. Many archaeologists
regard the shell bead ornaments as proof that anatomically modern
humans had developed a sophisticated symbolic material culture. Up
until now, Blombos cave in South Africa has been leading the ‘bead
race’ with 41 Nassarius shell beads that can confidently be dated to
72,000 years ago.
Aside from this latest discovery unearthing an even greater number
of beads, the research team says the most striking aspect of the
Taforalt discoveries is that identical shell types should appear in
two such geographically distant regions. As well as Blombos, there
are now at least four other Aterian sites in Morocco with Nassarius
shell beads. The newest evidence, in a paper by the authors to be
published in the next few weeks in the Journal of Quaternary Science
Reviews, shows that the Aterian in Morocco dates back to at least
110,000 years ago.
Research team leader, Professor Nick Barton, from the Institute of
Archaeology at the University of Oxford, said: ‘These new finds are
exciting because they show that bead manufacturing probably arose
independently in different cultures and confirms a long suspected
pattern that humans with modern symbolic behaviour were present from
a very early stage at both ends of the continent, probably as early
as 110,000 years ago.’
Also leading the research team Dr Abdeljalil Bouzouggar, from the
Institut National des Sciences de l’Archéologie et du Patrimoine in
Morocco, said: ‘The archaeological and chronological contexts of the
Taforalt discoveries suggest a much longer tradition of bead-making
than previously suspected, making them perhaps the earliest such
ornaments in the world.’
Archaeologists widely believe that humans in Europe first started
fashioning purely symbolic objects about 40,000 years ago, but in
Africa this latest evidence shows that humans were engaged in this
activity at least 40,000 years before this.
Excavations in April 2009 also continued in the upper levels of
Taforalt to investigate a large well-preserved cemetery dating to
around 12,500 years ago. The project, co-ordinated by Dr Louise
Humphrey, from the Natural History Museum in London, has found adult
as well as infant burials at the site. The infant burials throw an
interesting light on early burial traditions as many of the infants
seem to be buried singly beneath distinctive blue stones with the
undersides smeared with red ochre. By contrast, studies by Dr Elaine
Turner of the Römisch Germanisches Zentralmuseum, Mainz, show that
the adults’ grave pits were generally marked by the horn cores of
wild barbary sheep. Taforalt remains the largest necropolis of the
Late Stone Age period in North Africa presently under excavation.
Professor Barton said: ‘Taking our new discovery of the shell beads
at Taforalt, together with the discoveries of the decorated burials
excavated by Dr Louise Humphrey, it shows that the cave must have
retained its special interest for different groups of people over
many thousands of years. One of its unique attractions and a focal
point of interest seems to have been a freshwater spring that rises
next to the cave.’ |
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